Bosnia Flag Herzegovina
Estonia (04/05)
Estonia is a party to 181 international organizations, including Bank for International Settlements (BIS), Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS), Customs Cooperation Council (CCC), Council of Europe (CE), Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), European Union (EU), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, or World Bank), International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM), International Finance Corporation (IFC), International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS), International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), International Labor Organization (ILO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Maritime Organization (IMO), International Criminal ... [Read More]
II. Description of Programs
The Aviation Leadership Program (ALP) provides Undergraduate Pilot Training (UPT) to a small number (15-20 per year) of select international students from friendly, less-developed countries. ALP is an USAF-funded program authorized under 10 U.S.C. 9381-9383. ALP consists of English language training, UPT and necessary related training, as well as programs to promote better awareness and understanding of the democratic institutions and social framework of the United States. The duration of the ALP program is 1-2 years, depending on the amount of English language training required to bring the student up to entry level and the student's progression through the UPT program. The cost of the ALP program is approximately $396,321 per student entering in FY 2002. The ALP program was suspended for FY 1999, FY 2000, and FY 2001 due to a shortfall of UPT quotas for overall Air Force requirements. The program will restart in FY 2002 with entry into English Language Training and follow-on undergra ... [Read More]
Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of
On December 11, a court in Uzice convicted and sentenced nine men for "kidnaping" indicted Bosnian Serb war criminal Stevan Todorovic and handing him over to NATO forces in Bosnia in September 1998. On December 13 in the Hague, Todorovic pled guilty to ethnic cleansing. ... In the week prior to the September 24 federal elections, there were reports that several hundred Bosniaks and ethnic Albanians from Montenegro left the country for Kosovo or Bosnia. There were no direct reports of violence or intimidation, but several families reported that they left because of an increase in military conscription and an increased military presence. Most of the families were able to return home within 1 week. ... [Read More]
Press Availability after the Stockholm Forum for the Prevention of Genocide
We can encourage them. Weve seen it in the Balkans, where for the past two years or more the U.S with its European partners have worked to change the political will in Serbia-Montenegro, Bosnia and Croatia. Two years ago it was unthinkable to discuss domestic prosecution for war crimes in those countries. Today there is a special war crimes prosecutor in Belgrade. The international community came and donated funds to set up a state level war crimes chamber in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Today in Croatia theyve had several prosecutions for war crimes and theyve reformed the law to allow for more effective domestic process to prosecute the abuses in the past. The tribunal has even recognized this and has now put in rules that allow them to send the cases back. So with heavy lifting we can change the political will. ... [Read More]
American Justice and the International Criminal Court
In the past, the United States has supported the establishment of ad hoc tribunals, such as those for Yugoslavia and Rwanda, which, unlike the ICC, are created and overseen by the U.N. Security Council, under a U.N. Charter to which virtually all nations have agreed. But we are now moving beyond that. The international community can help equip local governments to try cases domestically in a credible manner. We are doing this in the Balkans and in Rwanda. On October 30, the United States pledged $10 million at a donors conference in The Hague to support domestic war crimes trials in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We are supporting preparations for war crimes trials in Croatia and Serbia and Montenegro, something that would have been unthinkable a few years ago. We are also supporting such efforts in Rwanda. Now, the Security Council tribunals are beginning to look at transferring cases under their jurisdictions to domestic courts.In matters of ... [Read More]
Background Notes
111111-- Bosnia and Herzegovina (11/04) ... [Read More]
Macedonia (05/05)
Macedonia has signed Free Trade Agreements with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro, Bulgaria, Croatia, Ukraine, Slovenia, Turkey, Romania and the European Free Trade Association countries and is currently in the early stages of negotiating an agreement with Kosovo. ... After the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991, Macedonia, the former Yugoslavia's poorest republic, faced formidable economic challenges posed by both the transition to a market economy and a difficult regional situation. The breakup deprived Macedonia of key protected markets and large transfer payments from the central Yugoslav government. The war in Bosnia, international sanctions on Serbia, and the 1999 crisis in neighboring Kosovo delivered successive shocks to Macedonia's trade-dependent economy. The government's painful but necessary structural reforms and macroeconomic stabilization program generated additional economic dislocation. Macedonias economy was hurt especially by a trade embargo imposed by Greece in February 1994 in a dispute over the country's name, flag, and constitution, and by international trade sanctions against Serbia that were not suspended until a month after conclusion of the Dayton Accords. The impact of the 2001 ethnic Albanian insurgency in Macedonia, decreas ... [Read More]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
The 1995 General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (the Dayton Accords) created the independent state of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), previously one of the constituent republics of Yugoslavia. The agreement also created two multiethnic constituent entities within the state: The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (the Federation) and the Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation has a postwar Bosnian Muslim (Bosniak) and Croat majority while the RS has a postwar Bosnian Serb majority. The Constitution (Annex 4 of the Dayton Accords) established a central government with a bicameral legislature, a three-member presidency (consisting of a Bosniak, a Serb, and a Croat), a council of ministers, a constitutional court, and a central bank. The Accords assigned many governmental functions to the two entities, which have their own governments, Parliaments, militaries and police forces. The Accords also provided for the Office of the ... [Read More]
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